spatial, temporal, and species variation in prevalence of influenza a viruses in wild migratory birds空间、时间和物种的变化流行甲型流感病毒在野生候鸟.pdf

Spatial, Temporal, and Species Variation in Prevalence of Influenza A Viruses in Wild Migratory Birds 1 1 1 ¨ 2 3,4 5 Vincent J. Munster , Chantal Baas , Pascal Lexmond , Jonas Waldenstrom , Anders Wallensten , Thord Fransson , Guus F. Rimmelzwaan1 1 1 ¨ 2,6 1 , Walter E. P. Beyer , Martin Schutten , Bjorn Olsen , Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus , 1* Ron A. M. Fouchier 1 Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 2 Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of Kalmar, Kalmar, Sweden, 3 Smedby Health Center, Kalmar County Council, Kalmar, Sweden, 4 Division of Medical Microbiology, ¨ ¨ Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden, 5 Bird Ringing Center, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden, 6 Department of Clinical Science, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden Although extensive data exist on avian influenza in wild birds in North America, limited information is available from elsewhere, including Europe. Here, molecular diagnostic tools were employed for high-throughput surveillance of migratory birds, as an alternative to classical labor-intensive methods of virus isolation in eggs. This study included 36,809 samples from 323 bird species belonging to 18 orders, of which only 25 species of three orders were positive for influenza A virus. Information on species, locations, and timin