biomarkers of induced active and passive smoking damage诱导主动和被动吸烟损伤的生物标志物.pdf

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2009, 6, 874-888; doi:10.3390/ijerph6030874 OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ISSN 1660-4601 /journal/ijerph Review Biomarkers of Induced Active and Passive Smoking Damage Maura Lodovici * and Elisabetta Bigagli Department of Pharmacology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail: maura.lodovici@unifi.it; Tel.: +390554271321 Received: 23 December 2008 / Accepted: 20 February 2009 / Published: 26 February 2009 Abstract: In addition to the well-known link between smoking and lung cancer, large epidemiological studies have shown a relationship between smoking and cancers of the nose, oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, esophagus, pancreas, bladder, kidney, stomach, liver, colon and cervix, as well as myeloid leukemia. Epidemiological evidence has reported a direct link between exposure of non-smokers to environmental tobacco smoke and disease, most notably, lung cancer. Much evidence demonstrates that carcinogenic-DNA adducts are useful markers of tobacco smoke exposure, providing an integrated measurement of carcinogen intake, metabolic activation, and delivery to the DNA