社区获得性肺炎:诊治、思考与误区.ppt
文本预览下载声明
* * One-year prospective study conducted in Israel of 346 adults admitted to the hospital with diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia. A serum sample was obtained within 48 hours of hospitalization and a second (convalescent) sample was obtained from 89% of the subjects at the follow-up visit for serological testing. The most common pathogen identified was Streptococcus pneumoniae in 42.8% of the patients and multiple or mixed causes were found in 38.9%. Approximately half of the patients were treated with macrolide or tetracycline. Lieberman D, Schlaeffer F, Boldur I, et al. Multiple pathogens in adult patients admitted with community-acquired pneumonia: a one year prospective study of 346 consecutive patients. Thorax. 1996;51:179-184. 要点: 常规检测不能完整体现CAP患者病原菌构成情况。 社区呼吸道感染主要未检测出的病原菌主要为肺炎链球菌: 一项对109例CAP患者病原学检查研究显示:常规检测肺炎链球菌为第二位病原体;应用经胸壁穿刺抽吸物继续检测,结果病原菌构成改变,肺炎链球菌为首要病原体。 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 肺炎链球菌 青霉素不敏感率: 成人:尚低,10%,多为PISP; 儿童:约30%,PRSP约10%; 2008年CLSI折点调高造成敏感率上升假象; 儿童菌株对二、三代头孢菌素耐药率高; 大环内酯类 红霉素耐药率为50-90%; 且耐药程度高,大部分同时对林可霉素耐药(MLS耐药) 氟喹诺酮类: 耐药率尚低,内地有报道,香港耐药稍高; CLSI更新判断标准(2008年) 药物 临界浓度(μg/mL) S I R 青霉素 (静脉,非CSF) ≤2 4 ≥8 青霉素 (静脉,CSF) ≤0.06 - ≥0.012 青霉素 (口服,青霉素V) ≤0.06 0.012-1 ≥2 头孢曲松 (非CSF) ≤1 2 ≥4 头孢曲松 (CSF) ≤0.5 1 ≥2 肺炎链球菌儿童株耐药率 Liu et al. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2008:61:256 流感嗜血杆菌 β内酰胺酶产酶率约33%; 对氨苄西林耐药率30.1~37.2%; 氨苄西林-舒巴坦耐药率9.6~14.3%; 头孢呋辛耐药率<10%; 环丙沙星耐药率:成人 25~35%,儿童 2.5~4.3% (副流感嗜血杆菌?) 阿奇霉素耐药率:1% 卡他莫拉菌 许多实验室不认识; 耐药率较低; 有人质疑其致病意义; 非典型病原体 目前无供临床采用的药敏测定、判断标准,亦不主张常规作药敏测定; 军团菌、衣原体耐药资料少; 有报道中国、日本肺炎支原体对大环内酯类耐药率高: 应予关注; 但尚需更多临床证据; 肺炎支原体对大环内酯类耐药率 上海,2005.10-2008.2,53株儿童分离株,83%; 北京,2003.6-2006.6,50株儿童分离株,92%; 北京,成人、青少年分离株67株,69%; AAC. 2009;53(5):2160-2162. AAC. 2009;53(5):2158-9. CID 2010; 51(2)
显示全部