socioeconomic variation in the prevalence, introduction, retention, and removal of smoke-free policies among smokers findings from the international tobacco control (itc) four country survey流行的社会经济变化,介绍、保留和删除无烟政策的吸烟者发现国际烟草控制(itc)四个国家调查.pdf

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 8, 411-434; doi:10.3390/ijerph8020411 OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ISSN 1660-4601 /journal/ijerph Article Socioeconomic Variation in the Prevalence, Introduction, Retention, and Removal of Smoke-Free Policies among Smokers: Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey Brian A. King 1, Andrew J. Hyland 1,*, Ron Borland 2, Ann McNeill 3 and K. Michael Cummings 1 1 Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; E-Mails: brian.alexander.king@ (B.A.K.); michael.cummings@ (K.M.C.) 2 Vic Health Center for Tobacco Control, The Cancer Council Victoria, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; E-Mail: ron.borland@.au 3 UK Centre for Tobacco Control Studies, Division of Epidemiology Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG51PB, UK; E-Mail: ann.mcneill@nottingham.ac.uk * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: andrew.hyland@; Tel.: +1-716-845-8391; Fax: +1-716-845-1265. Received: 15 December 2010; in revised form: 10 January 2011 / Accepted: 25 January 2011 / Published: 31 January 2011 Abstract: Introduction : Exposure to secondhand smoke causes premature death and disease in non-smokers and indoor smoke-free policies have become increasingly prevalent worldwide. Although soc