anopheles immune genes and amino acid sites evolving under the effect of positive selection按蚊免疫基因和氨基酸网站发展的积极的选择.pdf

Anopheles Immune Genes and Amino Acid Sites Evolving Under the Effect of Positive Selection 1,2,3 1 2,3 2,4 Aristeidis Parmakelis *, Marina Moustaka , Nikolaos Poulakakis , Christos Louis , Michel A. 5 3,6 7 7 Slotman , Jonathon C. Marshall , Parfait H. Awono-Ambene , Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio , Frederic 7,8 3 3 Simard , Adalgisa Caccone , Jeffrey R. Powell 1 Department of Ecology and Taxonomy, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli Zografou, Athens, Greece, 2 Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, 3 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, 4 Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology Heraklion, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, 5 Department of Entomology, Texas AM University, College Station, Texas, United States of America, 6 Department of Zoology, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah, United States of ´ ´ America, 7 Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte Contre les Endemies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaounde, Cameroon, 8 Institut de Recherche pour le ´ Developpement (IRD), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso Abstract Background: It has long been the goal of vector biology to generate genetic knowledge that can be used to ‘‘manipulate’’