宿主的特异性防御-免疫反应Specific-Defenses-of-the-Host-The-Immune-Response.ppt

;Antibodies recognize and react with antigenic determinants or epitopes.;Haptens;Hapten: A substance that is non-immunogenic but which can react with the products of a specific immune response. Haptens are small molecules which could never induce an immune response when administered by themselves but which can when coupled to a carrier molecule .;Chemical Nature of Immunogens;Epitope or Antigenic Determinant: That portion of an antigen that combines with the products of a specific immune response Antibody (Ab) : A specific protein which is produced in response to an immunogen and which reacts with an antigen. ;Antibody Structure;IgG - Gamma (γ) heavy chains IgM - Mu (μ) heavy chains IgA - Alpha (α) heavy chains IgD - Delta (δ) heavy chains IgE - Epsilon (ε) heavy chains;Nature of Ag/Ab Reactions;Affinity = ∑ attractive and repulsive forces;Calculation of Affinity;Avidity;Specificity;Cross Reactivity;Factors Affecting Measurement of Ag/Ab Reactions;Monoclonal antibody; MAbs produced from a single clone of B cells Monoclonal antibodies all have identical antigen-binding sites. Thus they all bind to the same epitope with the same affinity Mostly produced by fusing a B cell secreting the desired antibody with a myeloma cell capable of growing indefinitely in tissue culture ;HISTORY ;Polyclonal antibodies Monoclonal Antibodies;PRODUCTION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY;PRODUCTION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY;PRODUCTION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY;PRODUCTION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY;;PRODUCTION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY;Need high experience qualification High risk of contamination Some mcABs are very liable so activity may be lost on freezing and thawing or long term storage The frequent need to purify a mcAB from monoclonal culture medium Advantages -useful for the production of a specific antibodies to impure or mixed immunogenes. ;Measuring protein and drug levels in serum Typing tissue and blood Identifying infectious agents Identifying clusters of differentiation fo