现代英语词汇学语义特征.pptx

ModernEnglishLexicology

Unit4词的语义特征

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Concept,categorization,subcategorization(王寅)范畴化是一种基于体验，以主客体互动为出发点，对外界事物进行主观概括和类属划分的心智过程，是一种赋予世界以一定结构，并使其从无序转向有序的理性活动，也是人类认识世界的一个重要手段。范畴化是人类认识世界的一种基本认知方式。对比和概括是范畴化过程的两个主要手段(有一定先天成分)。范畴化具有体验性，规则性，无意识性，创造力，想象力等特征。

第四章：词的语义特征语义特征（semanticfeatures）是对人类抽象活动的一种概括。，属于元语言（metalanguage）。用来描写任何语言的语义。如：具有语义特征A，记作[+A]；不具有语特征A，记作[-A]。“Theanalysisofwordmeaningisoftenseenasaprocessofbreakingdownthesenseofawordintoitsminimalcomponents”(Leech1981:84)Themeaningofwordsaremadeupofcombinationsoftheirsensecomponents.Minimaldistinctivefeatureorproperties.Whatmakeupthesenseofwordandinturndefinetheword.

Thesewordsallbelongtothesemanticfield‘thehumanrace’,andtherelationbetweenthemmaybeappropriatelyrepresentedbyatwo-dimensional‘fielddiagram’:

Thedimensionsofmeaningthemselveswillbetermedassemanticfeaturesandcomponents.AnotherwaytorepresentthesesensesistowriteformulaeinwhichthedimensionsofmeaningareexpressedbyfeaturesymbolslikeHUMANandADULT.Themeaningsoftheindividualitemscanthenbeexpressedbycombinationsofthesefeatures:

TheseformulaearecalledtheCOMPONENTIALDEFINITIONSoftheitemsconcerned:theycanberegarded,infact,asformulateddictionarydefinitions.TheseformulaearecalledtheCOMPONENTIALDEFINITIONSoftheitemsconcerned:theycanberegarded,infact,asformulateddictionarydefinitions.ThetermCOMPONENTIALANALYSIShasoftenbeenusedforthemethodofanalysisillustratedhere,thatofreducingaword’smeaningtoitsultimatecontrastiveelements.Itbearssomeresemblancetothemathematicalprocessoffactorizinganumber,e.g.10=1×2×5.

Themeaningofwordsisnotanun-analyzablewhole.Therearesmallerthanthemeaningorword.Wordisregardedasacomplexofdifferentsemanticfeaturesandcomponents.Componentialanalysisrefersto