英语词汇学课件1-6章2.ppt

2) Contrary terms （对立反义词） such as: rich-poor; old-young; big-small; beautiful-ugly hot-cold; love-hate 特点：相比较而存在；可中间插入词语（gradability) hot warm cool cold love like indifference antipathy hate 3) Converses（相对/关系反义词） 相对立而又依存，侧重于彼此的关系 Such as: parent/child; husband/wife employer/employee; seller/buyer give/receive; lend/borrow Many words have synonyms but have no antonyms. read, house, magazine? 6.5 Hyponymy 6.6 Semantic Field German linguist Trier first raised the theory. Genus vs. Species: the basic concept of semantic field Animal: sheep, tiger, wolf, dog, cat… living animal plant Every word can be put in a certain semantic field theoretically. Subordinates form a semantic field or fields. Pick out the superordinates from the groups of words: vegetable, spinach, cabbage, turnip vegetable! wood, stone, cement, building material building material! Words’ meanings can be more clearly defined in a semantic field, otherwise they will be ambiguous. In reading, we develop it into “context”, a broader sense. e.g. rose rose, black, purple, gray, pink chrysanthemum, tulip, lily, rose Affixes Forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function Almost all affixes are bound morphemes Few can be used as independent words Two groups of affixes Inflectional affixes（屈折词缀） affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships or called inflectional morphemes Modern English is an analytical language and only has a few inflectional affixes. -s, -ed, -ing -er/est Derivational Affixes(派生词缀) affixes added to other morphemes to create new words two kinds : 1. prefixes: come before the word 2. suffixes: come after the word 比较相似又有所差异的几个概念 Root, Stem, Base What is root? (词根) the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity (Crystal, 1985) a root is that part of a word form that