[演示课件]高中化学—极性分子与非极性分子.ppt
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极性分子和非极性分子
甘肃肃州中学 刘桂香
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在单质分子中,同种原子形成共价键,两个原子吸引电子的能力
相同,共用电子对不偏向任何一个原子,因此成键的原子都不显
电性。这样的共价键叫做非极性共价键,简称非极性键。
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在化合物分子中,不同种原子形成 的共价键,由于不同原子吸引
电子的能力不同,共用电子对必然偏向吸引电子能力强的原子一
方,因而吸引电子能力较强的原子一方相对地显负电性,吸引电
子能力较弱的原子一方相对地显正电性。这样的共价键叫做极性
共价键,简称极性键。
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共价键的分类
极性键
非极性键
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极性键的判断方法
由不同元素的原子形成的共价键一般是极性键,如HCl、CO2
CCl4、SO42-、OH-等都含有极性键。
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非极性键的判断方法
由相同元素的原子形成的共价键是非极性键。如单质分子(Xn,
n1,如H2、Cl2、O3、P4等)和某些共价化合物(如乙醇、乙烯等)
某些离子化合物(如Na2O2等)含有非极性键。
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极性分子:分子中正负电荷中心不重合,从整个分子来看,电荷的分布是不均匀的,不对称的,这样的分子为极性分子。
非极性分子:分子中正负电荷中心重合,从整个分子来看,电荷的分布是均匀的,对称的,这样的分子为极性分子。
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