劳动价值论、不确定性及演化经济学.doc

劳动价值论、不确定性和演化经济学 * 孟 捷 作 者 安徽省芜湖市人，1967年生，中国人民大学经济学院教授，主要研究方向为政治经济学和经济思想史。 摘 要 本文的主要目的之一，是要回答斯蒂德曼对马克思劳动价值论的诘难。虽然这个诘难早在约三十年前就提出来了，但马克思主义者迄今为止所做的反批判，仍然是片面的，这些反批判丢失了劳动价值论的一个重要维度：没有把劳动价值论把握为理解资本主义再生产中的不确定性的理论工具。 本文由下述部分组成，第一节介绍斯蒂德曼在斯拉法理论的基础上对劳动价值论提出的诘难，第二节回顾了马克思的两种市场价值理论，以及鲁宾对马克思市场价值理论的阐释。第三节从价值确定的动态性出发，探讨了市场价值理论的进一步重建。在结论里，针对斯蒂德曼的批评，我们提出：生产的标准技术条件与市场价值之间的关系，并不像他所理解的那样具有单向的、决定论的性质；劳动价值论在马克思的经济学中被用来揭示资本主义再生产的目的和手段，条件和结果之间的不确定的联系。此外，在结论里还针对演化经济学家霍奇逊的观点提出，马克思的劳动价值论和多样性、“自然选择”等演化经济学所探讨的主题并不是无关的，正是借助于劳动价值论，马克思说明了技术变革和资本积累过程的协同演化。 关键词 市场价值 斯蒂德曼 鲁宾 不确定性 演化经济学 Abstract This article aims to offer a reply to Steedman’s critique of Marx’s labour theory of value. Although this critique having been there for 30 years before, the anti-critiques from Marxists are up to date flawed with fatal limitedness, losing sight of an important dimension of labour theory of value, i.e., without taking it as a theoretical tool of understanding the uncertainty rooted in capitalist reproduction. This article consists of the following parts, the first part is a introduction of the controversy invoked by Ian Steedman. Part 2 is a retrospect of Marx’s dual theory of market value. Part 3 explores the possible reconstruction of market value in the perspective of the dynamics in the pivoting of market value. In the part of conclusion, a formal reply to Steedman is attempted, that the relationship between the standard condition of production and value is not of deterministic and one-way character. Labor theory of value in Marx’s economics is applied to analyze the uncertain relation between the means and the end, the condition and the result of capitalist reproduction. Meanwhile, another reply is attempted as well towards the negative comment on labor theory of value made by evolutionary economist as G. Hodgson. In our view, Marx’s labour theory of value is not irrelevant as claimed by Hodgson to the main topics of evolutionary economics such as diversity and ‘natural selection’. It is through