《语言学教程》Chapter-2-phonetics.ppt

Review Questions 1. What are the main functions of language? 2. What is the main difference between prescriptive study and descriptive study? 3. What is the difference between langue and parole? 4. What is the main difference between competence and performance? 5. What is the main difference between langue and parole? 1.9.4 Competence and performance Competence: the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language (语言能力) Performance: the actual use of language in concrete situations (语言运用) Differences between competence and performance A speaker’s performance does not always match or equal his supposed competence. Chomsky believes that linguists ought to study competence, rather than performance. In other words, they should discover what an ideal speaker knows of his native language. Saussure Vs. Chomsky Chomsky’s competence-performance distinction is not exactly the same as, though similar to, F. de Saussure’s langue-parole distinction. What is Phonetics? Phonetics (语音学) studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. It is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages. Branches of Phonetics Articulatory phonetics (发音语言学): the study of the production of speech sounds; Acoustic phonetics (声学语言学): the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech; Auditory phonetics (听觉语言学): the study of the perception of speech sounds. Phonetics Phonology 1. Phonetics: speech sounds It is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified, etc. 2. Phonology: sound systems It aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. Main contents in Chapter 2 Preview questions 1. What are the three cavities of the vocal tract? 2. What is the definition of IPA? 2.1.1 Organs of speech A. The pharyngeal cavity: 13 windpipe, 12 glottis/vocal cords, 11 p