语言学-Chapter-4-Syntax.ppt

Anything wrong in the following sentences? Which phrase rule does each of the following sentences include? 1. Helen put on her clothes, wearing her hat and went out. 2. My mom bought me a red dress and a new bag and a new phone as present. 3. The boy is moving with care the huge stone. 4. I very much like you. * 词v CVC才 Deep structure The abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction. -- reveals the underlying structure of a linguistic utterance and specifies the grammatical relations and functions of the syntactic elements. A blueprint for the construction of well-formed sentences. Surface Structure The actually produced structure the structural organization of a construction people actually produce and receive the directly observable actual form of sentences as they are used in communication A sentence structure resulting from the application of transformational rules. Look at the following illustration: How is a sentence produced? Surface Structure (Transformation rules) Deep Structure The representations of these two levels don’t have to be different. When transformations are not necessary, the representations of the two levels look the same. 4.3. 2 Sentence Transformation We can generate a large number of sentences with only a small number of rules, i.e., “phrase structure” rules. Tree-diagram format can describe the transformation process. -- a static representation of the structure of the sentence at the bottom of the diagram. -- a “dynamic ” format, in the sense that it represents a way of “generating ” not only that one sentence, but a very large number of sentences with similar structures How does transformation take place? Two processes： Every transformation is based on the deletion and insertion of constituents. Substitution (the del