smoking, cognitive function and mortality in a u.s. national cohort study吸烟、认知功能和死亡率在美国国家队列研究.pdf

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 8, 3628-3636; doi:10.3390/ijerph8093628 OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ISSN 1660-4601 /journal/ijerph Article Smoking, Cognitive Function and Mortality in a U.S. National Cohort Study 1, 2 1,2 Richard F. Gillum *, John Kwagyan and Thomas O. Obisesan 1 Geriatrics Division, Department of Medicine, Howard University, 2041 Georgia Ave NW, Washington, DC 20060, USA; E-Mail: tobisesan@ 2 Georgetown-Howard Universities Center for Clinical and Translational Science, 2041 Georgia Ave NW, Washington, DC 20060, USA; E-Mail: jkwagyan@ * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: @; Tel.: +1-202-865-7212; Fax: +1-202-865-7215. Received: 28 July 2011; in revised form: 25 August 2011 / Accepted: 26 August 2011 / Published: 7 September 2011 Abstract: Previous studies report that low levels cognitive function and history of smoking are associated with increased mortality risk. Elderly smokers may have increased risk of dementia, but risk in former smokers is unclear. We tested the hypotheses that the harmful