urban scaling and its deviations revealing the structure of wealth, innovation and crime across cities城市扩展及其偏差揭示财富的结构,创新和跨城市犯罪.pdf

Urban Scaling and Its Deviations: Revealing the Structure of Wealth, Innovation and Crime across Cities ´ 1,2 ´ 3 4 1,2 Luıs M. A. Bettencourt *, Jose Lobo , Deborah Strumsky , Geoffrey B. West 1Theoretical Division and Center for Nonlinear Studies (CNLS), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America, 2 Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America, 3 School of Human Evolution and Social Change and W. P. Carey School of Business, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America, 4 Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America Abstract With urban population increasing dramatically worldwide, cities are playing an increasingly critical role in human societies and the sustainability of the planet. An obstacle to effective policy is the lack of meaningful urban metrics based on a quantitative understanding of cities. Typically, linear per capita indicators are used to characterize and rank cities. However, these implicitly ignore the fundamental role of nonlinear agglomeration integral to the life history of cities. As such, per capita indicators conflate general nonlinear effects, common to all cities, with local dynamics, specific to each city, failing to provide direct measures of the impact of local events and policy. Agglomeration nonlinearities are explicitly manifested by the superlinear power law scaling of most urban socioeconomic indicators with population size, all with similar exponents ( *1.15). As a result larger cities are disproportionally the centers of innovation, wealth and crime, all to approximately the same degree. We use these general urban laws to develop new