西方语言学理论与流派刘利民.doc

Thats one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind 1. What is language? 2.Features of language: ? ? duality;?productivity;displacement; ? ? arbitrariness; cultural transgression; ?interchangeability 3.定义： Saussure:? ? ?Language is a system of signs, as systemic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols. American structuralists: ? ?Language is a systemic structures. ? ?Language is a product of social communication.(Social linguistics) ? ?Language is a system of psychological and cognitive signs. ? ?Language is a system of finite arbitrary symbol combinations generated on the basis of limited rules.(Chomsky) ? ?索绪尔：其他学科的研究对象时是客观给定的，而语言学研究的对象则是需要界定的。 ? ?关于语言语义的界定到目前为止尚未得到统一。 学者的观点肯定对其语言学方法有着重大影响。 语言是一门科学，那什么是”科学“？? Etymology : scientia meaning to know in Latin. An abstracted or summarized konwledge of experieces. - A systematic way of thinking ( inductive 归纳 deductive 演绎 abductive 溯因..） Inductive: This horse has four legs. And that horse has four legs. All horses have four legs. Deductive: Mother:put on your cotton coat. Son: why? M: it makes you warm. Son: cotton coat can make me warm. Then it must warm everything. He covered a piece of ice with his coat. When he opened the coat, and on the contrary to his precedent thought that the ice had melted into water, he surprised at that the ice is still there. Then he drew a conclusion that mother told a lie. Logical thinking and critical thinking are important. 德里达Jacques Derrida以其“去中心”观念，反对西方哲学史上自柏拉图以来的“逻各斯中心主义”传统，认为文本（作品）是分延的，永远在撒播。德里达的批判矛头直指结构主义语言学理论。 悖论： 比如：解构理论认为一切都是解构的。那么解构理论能否解构解构理论本身呢？ 再比如： “ 我在说假话。”那么，这句话是真还是假？ - A system of methods and of terms? 知识是一个个的命题。 -A series of principles .(systematicity, exhaustiveness, objectivity, consistency , economy ) If your theory is simple enough and can explain broad parts of phenomena, then that theory is a qualified scientific theory. 理论是用来解释现象的。每一个理论都是有简单的定理组成,能够完美解释现象。 E=mc^2 is the most beautiful formula in the world of physics b