胡壮麟语言学教程课件Part15.pdf

Chapter 12 Theories and Schools of Modern linguistics Introduction The Prague School • Introduction • Phonology Phonological Oppositions • Functional Sentence Perspective(FSP) The London School • Malinowski’s theories • Firth’s theories • Halliday Systemic-Functional Grammar American Structuralism • Early Period: Boas Sapir Bloomfield’s Theory • Post- Bloomfieldian Linguistics Transformational- Generative Grammar • The innateness hypothesis • What Is a generative grammar • The Classical Theory • The Standard theory • The Extended Standard Theory • Main features of TG Grammar • Later theories Revisionsists? Rebels? • Case Grammar • Generative Semantics Introduction Introduction 1 Modern linguistics began from the 1 Modern linguistics began from the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913), who is Saussure (1857-1913), who is often described as “father of modern often described as “father of modern linguistics”. His lectures are linguistics”. His lectures are collected in the book “Course in collected in the book “Course in General Linguistics”. General Linguistics”. 2 Saussure believed that language 2 Saussure believed that language is a System of Signs. This sign is is a System of Signs. This sign is the union of a form and an idea, the union of a form and an idea, which he called the signifier and which he called the signifier and the signified. the signified. 3 Saussure’s ideas on the arbitrary 3 Saussure’s ideas on the arbitrary nature of sign, on the relational nature of sign, on the relational nature of linguistic units, on the nature of linguistic units, on