生物基本知识大全（Basic knowledge of Biology）.doc

生物基本知识大全（Basic knowledge of Biology） Chapter 1 the material base of life Biological activities of life have a common material base Chemical elements vary greatly in different organisms and in various chemical elements. Classification: a large number of elements, trace elements Compounds are the material basis for biological activities. Chemical elements can affect the biological activities of life. The biological and non biological communities are unity and diversity Compounds, water, inorganic salts, sugars, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids. Water -- free water and combined water Ions of inorganic salts play an important role in the maintenance of biological activities. Sugars - monosaccharides, two sugars, polysaccharides. Lipids - fats, lipids, sterols Free water is a good solvent in the cell that delivers nutrients to each cell. Maintain cell osmotic pressure and acid-base balance, cell morphology and function. Carbohydrate is an important component of the organism, and is also the main energy source of the cell. Fats are substances that store energy in the body, reduce body heat loss, maintain body temperature, reduce visceral friction, and buffer outside pressure. Phospholipids constitute an important component of the cell membrane. Sterols - cholesterol, vitamin D, and sex hormones; maintain normal metabolism and reproductive processes. Proteins and nucleic acids, proteins and nucleic acids are high molecular substances. Protein is an important organic compound in cells, and all activities of life are inseparable from protein. Nucleic acid is the carrier of genetic information. Protein structure: the type, number, arrangement, and spatial structure of amino acids. A hemoglobin containing blood cell in vertebrates. There are no nuclei and organelles, and the main function is to transport and exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. It also has immune function. Mature red blood cells are seedless, which means they have lost DNA. Red blood cells do not have mitochondr