chapter-6-Sense-Relations讲义.ppt

chapter 6 Sense relationships Contents 6.1 Polysemy 6.2 Homonymy Homophony 6.3 Synonymy 6.4 Antonymy 6.5 Hyponymy 6.6 Meronymy 6.1 Polysemy一词多义 A. Definition The word polysemy is of Greek origin (GK polys+ sema), meaning that one single word has two or more senses at the same time. Eg. government: 治理国家； 政府 blanket: 羊毛毯；给……盖羊毛毯 “get”: 150 meanings “cut”: 120 meanings head the head of the school six pence per head the head of a page to lose one’s head six head of cattle a head of cabbage at the head of a list Two heads are better than one. to discuss a question under five heads use you head 6.2 Homonymy 同音异义 Homonyms are different words with the same form (spelling or pronunciation) E.g. light（光）light（轻的）； bark（吠） bark（树皮）； flower（花） flour（面粉）； vain（徒劳的）vein（静脉）vane（风向标）； tear（眼泪）tear（撕）； lead（率领）lead（铅）等。 Perfect homonyms They are different words identical both in sound and spelling, though different in meaning. E.g. 1)．pop pop ／p p/n． 流行歌曲 pop／p p／n．爸爸 pop／p p／n．砰的一声 2)．last last ／la:st／a．最后的 last／la:st／v．持续 last／la:st／n．鞋楦头 Homophony 同音异义 They are different words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning. E.G: capital; capitol dew; due die; dye dual; duel cheap; cheep … Homographs Homographs are different words identical in spelling, but different in sound or meaning. Eg. Bow She wears a bow in her hair. Bow to the audience at the end. 2 Origins of homonyms Change in sound and spelling读音和拼写演变的结果 Borrowing借入外来词的结果 Shortening 词语缩略的结果 Rhetoric features of homonyms As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly homophones, they are often employed to create puns for desired effect of, say, humor, sarcasm or ridicule. 1)． King：… my cousin Hamlet，and my son…，how is it that the　clouds still hang on you？ Hamlet：Not so，my lord，I am too much in the sun． Shakespeare：(Hamlet） 2)． “Mine is a long and a sad tale！”said the Mouse，turning to Alice and sighing． “It is a long tail，certainly，”said Alice，looking down with wonder a