第2讲柏拉图和亚里士多德.ppt

Plato and the King of Philosophy;Prereading Questions;4. What was the Plato’s scheme of educaitonal system? 5. were there any relationship between the scheme of social classes and the educational thought of Plato’s? ;6. Looking back your own educational process, how do you get the qualification to an upper stage of education, what aspects make you success in entering university?;7. Do you think the standard, or the critieria of the qualification fair or unfair for the entrance, to you, and to others ? Take an example to explain it? 8. How do you think a more fair selective system of education like? Could you make a plan or ,do you have any recommendation on it? ;柏拉图培养“哲学王”的教育思想;图2 ：柏拉图和他的学生在Academy学园(中国大百科全书·教育,1985) ;阿卡德米（Academy）学园;柏拉图苦心经营学园，讲学著书，长达20年。 公元前347年他逝世后，此学园仍然延续下去，直到公元529年才被东罗马皇帝查士丁尼所封闭。 它存在900多年，成为古希腊历史最悠久的学园。 ;4、柏拉图的教育思想?;学习即回忆说;所谓学习，就是把已经忘记了的知识回忆起来。 “如果是我们在出世前获得了知识，出世时把它丢了，后来又通过使用各种感觉官能重新得到了原来具有知识，那么，我们称为学习的这个过程，实际上不就是恢复我们固有的知识吗? 我们把它称为回忆对不对呢? 完全对。……那些所谓学习的人后来只不过在回忆，而学习只不过是回忆”。 ;《理想国》(The Republic);理想国的教育制度;学前教育（0-6岁）;普通教育（7-18岁）;高等教育（18岁以上）;金字塔型的教育制度;柏拉图教育思想的影响;Aristotle and all-round education;（三）亚里士多德的和谐教育思想;Pre-reading Questions;亚里士多德(Aristotle，384 BC - 322 BC ）;图3：《雅典学派》（油画），意大利文艺复兴时期拉斐尔作， 画中央站立者为柏拉图和亚里士多德;　《亚历山大大帝 Alexander》（2004） ;2、哲学思想：形式和质料/三个灵魂理论;3、政治主张 ：中间阶层管理国家;4、亚里士多德的教育思想?;As far as we have it, its argument follows Plato closely, both regard education as a branch of politics, and Aristotle teaches that each form of state, the aristocratic, democratic, or monarchical, has a particular form of education which is most appropriate to it. Education is to be administered by the state. ;身心和谐发展的教育思想 ;教育年龄分期及其教育 ;博雅教育（liberal education);体育的目的：使儿童身体健美。“轻便体操”，反对专业的过度训练。 阅读与书写：是为了将来实际效用，如为个人谋生，处理家务，参加政事等。 绘画：对政治生活和评价美术作品有用，也应学习。 ;博雅教育的核心;类似乐工的专业而趋于下流 自由人应该摒弃任何专业的训练方式;As has already been suggested by his reference to Sparta, Aristotle was opposed to hard and strenuous physical training for boys. Before adolescence only the lighter exercises w