complete mitochondrial genome and phylogeny of pleistocene mammothmammuthus primigenius完整的线粒体基因组和发展史的更新世mammothmammuthus primigenius.pdf

PLoS BIOLOGY Complete Mitochondrial Genome and Phylogeny of Pleistocene Mammoth Mammuthus primigenius 1,2,3,4* 1,5 6 7 6 Evgeny I. Rogaev , Yuri K. Moliaka , Boris A. Malyarchuk , Fyodor A. Kondrashov , Miroslava V. Derenko , Ilya Chumakov8, Anastasia P. Grigorenko2,3 1 Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America, 2 Laboratory of Molecular Brain Genetics, Research Center of Mental Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 3 Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 4 Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 5 Research Center of Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 6 Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan, Russia, 7 Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America, 8 Serono Genetics Institute SA, Evry Cedex, France Phylogenetic relationships between the extinct woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius), and the Asian (Elephas maximus) and African savanna (Loxodonta africana) elephants remain unresolved. Here, we report the sequence of the complete mitochondrial genome (16,842 base pairs) of a woolly mammoth extracted from permafrost-preserved remains from the Pleistocene epoch—the oldest mitochondrial genome sequence determined to date. We demonstrate that well-preserved mitochondrial genome fragments, as long as