[高三化学复习：第一部分专题二第1讲.ppt

栏目导引 高考点击 重点知 识整合 知能优 化训练 命题热 点演练 专题针 对训练 第一部分·专题二　 基础理论 专题二　基础理论 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 第1讲　物质结构与元素周期律 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 高考点击 1.了解元素、核素和同位素的含义；了解化学键的定义以及离子键、共价键的形成。 2．了解原子的构成。 3．掌握元素周期律的实质，掌握同一周期内元素性质的递变规律与原子结构的关系，掌握同一主族内元素性质的递变规律与原子结构的关系。 4．了解金属、非金属在元素周期表中的位置及其性质递变的规律。 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 重点知识整合 一、原子结构和化学键 1．原子中基本微粒间的关系 (1)质子数＝核电荷数＝核外电子数＝原子序数 (2)质量数＝质子数＋中子数 (3)质子数＝阳离子的核外电子数＋阳离子所带电荷数 (4)质子数＝阴离子的核外电子数－阴离子所带电荷数 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 2．核外电子的排布 (1)短周期元素原子的排布特征 ①原子核中无中子的原子是H。 ②最外层有一个电子的原子是H、Li、Na。 ③最外层有两个电子的原子是He、Be、Mg。 ④最外层电子数等于次外层电子数的原子为Be、Ar。 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. ⑤最外层电子数是次外层电子数2倍的原子是C；最外层电子数是次外层电子数3倍的原子是O。 ⑥电子层数与最外层电子数相等的原子是H、Be、Al。 ⑦次外层电子数是最外层电子数2倍的原子是Li、Si。 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. (2)核外电子数相同的微粒 Evaluation only. C