the antiquity and evolutionary history of social behavior in bees古代和蜜蜂的进化历史的社会行为.pdf

The Antiquity and Evolutionary History of Social Behavior in Bees Sophie Cardinal*, Bryan N. Danforth Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America Abstract A long-standing controversy in bee social evolution concerns whether highly eusocial behavior has evolved once or twice within the corbiculate Apidae. Corbiculate bees include the highly eusocial honey bees and stingless bees, the primitively eusocial bumble bees, and the predominantly solitary or communal orchid bees. Here we use a model-based approach to reconstruct the evolutionary history of eusociality and date the antiquity of eusocial behavior in apid bees, using a recent molecular phylogeny of the Apidae. We conclude that eusociality evolved once in the common ancestor of the corbiculate Apidae, advanced eusociality evolved independently in the honey and stingless bees, and that eusociality was lost in the orchid bees. Fossil-calibrated divergence time estimates reveal that eusociality first evolved at least 87 Mya (78 to 95 Mya) in the corbiculates, much earlier than in other groups of bees with less complex social behavior. These results provide a robust new evolutionary framework for studies of the organization and genetic basis of social behavior in honey bees and their relatives. Citation: Cardinal S, Danforth BN (2011) The Antiquity and Evolutionary History of Social Behavior in Bees. PLoS ONE 6(6): e21086. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0021086 Editor: Corrie S. Moreau, Field Museum of Natural History, United States of America Received September 20, 2010; Accepted May 19, 2011; Published June 13, 2011 Copyright: 2011 Cardinal, Danforth. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source