cross-sectional study on the effects of socioeconomic factors on lead exposure in children by gender in serpong, indonesia横断面研究社会经济因素的影响在儿童铅暴露在serpong性别,印度尼西亚.pdf

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2012, 9, 4135-4149; doi:10.3390/ijerph9114135 OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ISSN 1660-4601 /journal/ijerph Article Cross-sectional Study on the Effects of Socioeconomic Factors on Lead Exposure in Children by Gender in Serpong, Indonesia Dewi U. Iriani 1,2, Takehisa Matsukawa 1, Muhammad K. Tadjudin 2, Hiroaki Itoh 1 and Kazuhito Yokoyama 1,* 1 Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; E-Mails: dewi@juntendo.ac.jp (D.U.I.); tmatsuka@juntendo.ac.jp (T.M.); h-itou@juntendo.ac.jp (H.I.); kyokoya@juntendo.ac.jp (K.Y.) 2 Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Syarif Hidayatullah, State Islamic University, Jl. Kertamukti, Ciputat, Jakarta 15412, Indonesia; E-Mail: tajudin@.id * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: kyokoya@juntendo.ac.jp; Tel.: +81-3-5802-1047; Fax: +81-3-3812-1026. Received: 31 July 2012; in revised form: 2 November 2012 / Accepted: 7 November 2012 / Published: 14 November 2012 Abstract: To elucidate the socioeconomic factors influencing lead exposure in elementary school children by gender, 108 children (56 male, 52 female), aged 6–7 years, were randomly selected from 39 elementary state schools in Serpong, Banten, Indonesia. Their parents were