实用英语语法笔记【强烈推荐】.doc
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实用英语语法笔记
参考资料:《英语语法大全》、
《新东方白易礼:大学英语语法笔记》、
《英语语法讲义》(高丕永,上海工商外国语学院英语系)
第一部分 词法
Chapter 1. 主谓一致
一、概念:
主谓一致是指:1)语法形式上要一致,即单复数形式与谓语要一致。2)意义上要一致,即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。3)就近原则,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语,一般来说,不可数名词用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数。例如:There is much water in the thermos.
但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时,谓语动词用复数形式。例如:Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
二、相关知识点精讲
1、并列结构作主语时谓语用复数,例如:Reading and writing are very important.
注:当主语由and连结时,如果表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例如:The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。
2、主谓一致中的靠近原则
1)当there be句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。例如:
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十个男孩,二十三个女孩。
2)当either… or… 与neither… nor,连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引导,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。例如:
Either you or she is to go. 不是你去,就是她去。
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 给你笔、信封和纸。
3、谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词组成的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。例如:The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教师和一些学生在参观工厂。
He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去划船。
4、谓语需用单数的情况
1)代词each以及由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语时,或主语中含有each, every时, 谓语需用单数。例如:
Each of us has a tape-recorder. /There is something wrong with my watch.
2)当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数。例如:The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.
3)表示金钱,时间,价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数。例如:
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. /Ten yuan is enough.
5、指代意义决定谓语的单复数
1)代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。
2)集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后,谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时强调该集体的整体。例如:His family are music lovers.
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。例如:Are there any police around? 附近有警察吗?
3)有些名词,如variety, number, population, proporti
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