Chapter 16Information Structure信息结构.ppt

Techinical Terms: given and new information 已知信息和新信息 information focus信息焦点 end-focus and end-weight 句末焦点和句末重心 postponement 后移 extraposition 外位 discontinuity 分割 fronting 前置 cleaving and pseudo-cleft sentence 分裂句和假拟分裂句 16.1 Information Structure信息结构 16.1.1 Given and new information已知信息和新信息 我们所使用的句子中都包括一定的信息，通常包括已知信息和新信息。已知信息是说话人或作者已经给出的信息，新信息则要靠听话人或者读者进行推测。 eg: In rock music we find a distinct and almost overwhelming beat. Each song has an easily recognizable rhythm. Its message is an overpowering emotional one. 16.1.2 Information focus 信息焦点 一般说来，每一句话都会有个信息中心或者信息焦点，如果这个中心放在句末的位置,即新信息放在句末，则称其为句末焦点end-focus。 eg: The duke gave my aunt a teapot. I saw a man with a scar across his face trying to escape with a bag...... 16.2 Postponement 后移 有时主语过长,放在句首时显得头重脚轻,采用后移改写句子,以达到强调的目的。后移通常采用: 1.被动语态passive voice eg: My dog sent the mail. ——The mail was sent by my dog. 2.分隔 discontinuity 分隔就是把后置修饰语和被修饰的名词分隔开。 eg:The time when anyone can afford a car will come. ——The time will come when anyone can afford a car. eg: She is the only girl who can play the guitar in my class. ——She is the only girl in my class who can play the guitar. 3.外位extraposition 将主语或宾语的分句移到句末中心位置,用it代替后移部分,it为形式主语或者宾语。 eg:To make fun of a disabled man is not funny at all. ——It is not funny at all to make fun of a disabled man.(主语后移) eg: You will find working with him exciting. ——You will find it exciting working with him. (宾语后移) 16.3 Fronting 前置 前置指把原来位于句中或句末的成分（即无标记主题）移至句首（即标记性主题）。有时也称前置为主题化，即首先表明要谈论的主题。P339 eg:He used to be an honest man. ——An honest man he used to be. eg:All admired her appearance while few could praise her personality. ——Her appearance all admired while her personality few could praise. 16.4 Inversion 倒装 1.Partial inversion 部分倒装 部分倒装是把谓语部分移到主语之前，常用前移的方法强调焦点主题，通常把否定项置于句首。 (1)以否定词项开头的句子，使用部分倒装。 eg: Never have I seen such a rude man. Hardly had I reached home when it started to rain. (2)在so,neither,nor开头的省略句中，使用部分倒装。 eg: ——I dont like shopping. ——So/Neither/Nor do I. 我也是。 注意：so