外科解答题必考（Surgical examination questions）.doc

外科解答题必考（Surgical examination questions） 1. to discuss the treatment of hyperkalemia? ?? The target therapy for hyperkalemia is to increase the amount of potassium discharged. (1) stop potassium supplementation or stop the introduction of potassium containing drugs. (two) the first aid measures are to maintain the membrane potential and decrease the total potassium. Take 10% calcium gluconate 10ml, vein slow push, or 50% glucose, 50 ~ 100ml plus regular insulin, 10 ~ 20U vein push slowly. (three) reduce blood potassium concentration. 5%NaHCO3, 100 to 150ml venous slow push or / and 25%, glucose 100, ML, +, insulin, 10U, intravenous slow pushing. When necessary, there is an exchange resin retention enema and an oral sodium type resin. In cases of severe hyperkalemia and renal failure, peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis can be used to reduce systemic potassium levels. ? 2. to discuss the etiology and classification of acute renal failure ?? Clinically, acute renal failure is divided into three categories: anterior, renal and post renal. 1) pre renal acute renal failure is mainly related to the insufficiency of blood volume and the decrease of cardiac pump function, resulting in renal hypoperfusion. The causes of pre renal acute renal failure often include: low blood volume; effective blood volume reduction; cardiac output reduction and renal vascular obstruction. 2) acute renal failure after renal failure is characterized by rapid reduction of renal function, such as bilateral ureteral calculi and pelvic advanced tumor compression of ureter. 3) renal acute renal failure is a renal parenchymal lesion caused by various causes, and acute tubular necrosis is the main form. Renal ischemia and poisoning are the main pathological changes. 3.. The treatment principle of burns? ?? The treatment principles of burn: (1) active prevention and treatment of hypovolemic shock. Strengthening wound treatment to promote the healing of wound and reduce it The difference? Erysipelas with