8贸易政策工具.PPT

YOU ARE WELCOME ! International Economics 国际经济学 主讲：余道先 、 Chapter 8 The Instruments of Trade Policy 贸 易 政 策 工 具 Chapter Organization Introduction Basic Tariff Analysis Costs and Benefits of a Tariff Other Instruments of Trade Policy The Effects of Trade Policy: A Summary Summary Introduction This chapter is focused on the following questions: What are the effects of various trade policy instruments? Who will benefit and who will lose from these trade policy instruments? What are the costs and benefits of protection? Will the benefits outweigh（弥补） the costs? What should a nation’s trade policy be? For example, should the United States use a tariff or an import quota to protect its automobile industry against competition from Japan and South Korea? Introduction Classification of Commercial Policy Instruments Basic Tariff Analysis Tariffs can be classified as: Specific tariffs（从量关税） Taxes that are levied as a fixed charge for each unit of goods imported Example: A specific tariff of $10 on each imported bicycle with an international price of $100 means that customs officials collect the fixed sum of $10. Ad valorem tariffs（从价关税） Taxes that are levied as a fraction of the value of the imported goods Example: A 20% ad valorem tariff on bicycles generates a $20 payment on each $100 imported bicycle. Basic Tariff Analysis A compound duty (tariff)（混合关税） is a combination of an ad valorem and a specific tariff. Modern governments usually prefer to protect domestic industries through a variety of nontariff barriers（非关税壁垒）, such as: Import quotas Limit the quantity of imports Export restraints Limit the quantity of exports Basic Tariff Analysis Supply, Demand, and Trade in a Single Industry Suppose that there are two countries (Home and Foreign). Both countries consume and produce wheat, which can be costless transported between the countries. Basic Tariff Analysis In each country, wheat is a competitive industry. Suppose that in the absence of trade the price