外科学上大题（Major problems in surgery）.doc

外科学上大题（Major problems in surgery） 0 complications of epidural anesthesia and complications of epidural block: Answer: lumbar anesthesia: intraoperative: blood pressure drops, heart rate slowed. Respiratory depression. Nausea and vomiting. Postoperative: headache after lumbar anesthesia. Urinary retention. Purulent meningitis. Neurologic complications after lumbar spinal anesthesia.. Epidural block: intraoperative: total spinal anesthesia. Local anesthetic toxicity. Blood pressure drops. Respiratory depression. Nausea and vomiting. Postoperative nerve injury. Epidural hematoma. Anterior spinal artery syndrome. Epidural abscess. Catheter difficult or broken out. 1, the purpose of premedication: Answer: 1. Stabilize the patients mood, relieve the psychological reaction such as nervousness, anxiety and fear, so that it can cooperate fully. At the same time, it can also enhance the effect of general anesthesia, reduce the dosage of general anesthetic and its side effects. Some undesirable stimuli can produce amnesia. Improving pain threshold and reducing the pain caused by primary diseases or invasive operation before anesthesia. Inhibit the secretion of saliva and respiratory secretions, keep the airway clear and dry, and prevent accidental aspiration. Elimination of adverse reactions caused by surgery or anesthesia, and inhibition of sympathetic activation caused by agitation or pain to maintain hemodynamic stability. 2 briefly describe the complications of general anesthesia Answer: 1 regurgitation and aspiration 2 respiratory tract obstruction (upper respiratory tract obstruction: tongue retropulsion and foreign body obstruction, laryngeal edema; lower respiratory tract obstruction: catheter removal, twist catheter too deep, secretions and vomiting and aspiration after blockage of trachea and bronchus) 3 hypoventilation (CO2 retention) 4 5 6 in hypoxia hypotension and hypertension in 7 high fever, convulsions and convulsions 3 briefly describe the common causes of lo