the carrot or the stick evaluation of education and enforcement as management tools for human-wildlife conflicts教育的胡萝卜或大棒评估和执行作为human-wildlife冲突的管理工具.pdf

The Carrot or the Stick? Evaluation of Education and Enforcement as Management Tools for Human-Wildlife Conflicts 1 2 1 3 Sharon Baruch-Mordo *, Stewart W. Breck , Kenneth R. Wilson , John Broderick 1 Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America, 2 USDA-WS-National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America, 3 Colorado Division of Wildlife, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America Abstract Evidence-based decision-making is critical for implementing conservation actions, especially for human-wildlife conflicts, which have been increasing worldwide. Conservation practitioners recognize that long-term solutions should include altering human behaviors, and public education and enforcement of wildlife-related laws are two management actions frequently implemented, but with little empirical evidence evaluating their success. We used a system where human-black bear conflicts were common, to experimentally test the efficacy of education and enforcement in altering human behavior to better secure attractants (garbage) from bears. We conducted 3 experiments in Aspen CO, USA to evaluate: 1) on-site education in communal dwellings and construction sites, 2) Bear Aware educational campaign in residential neighborhoods, and 3) elevated law enforcement at two levels in the core business area of Aspen. We measured human behaviors as the response including: violation of local wildlife ordinances, garbage availability to bears, and change in use of bear-resistance refuse containers. As implemented, we found little support for education, or enforcement in the form of daily patrolling in cha