Comparative and Historical Linguistics - EOLSS（比较和历史语言学EOLSS）.pdf

LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY – Comparative and Historical Linguistics - Ranko Matasović COMPARATIVE AND HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS Ranko Matasović Department of Linguistics, University of Zagreb, Croatia Keywords: Genetic linguistics, language typology, areal linguistics, language families, proto-language, language change, sound law, lexical diffusion, isogloss, implicational universal. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Historical Overview 2.1. The Early History 2.2. The Nineteenth Century 2.3. The Twentieth Century S S 3. Genetic Linguistics S R 3.1. Principles of Language Change 3.2. Models of Genetic Relatedness L E 3.3. Proofs of Genetic Relatedness 3.3. The Major Language Families of theWorld T O 4. Typological and Areal Linguistics E P 4.1. Typological Classification 4.2. Areal Classification – A Glossary Bibliography H Biographical Sketch O C Summary C E S This chapter begins with a brief survey of the comparative research into language L diversity and development. Historical linguistics is presented as the scientific study of E language change. Language change affects all levels of language structure, and it P eventually leads to language split, or creation of languages-descendants from common N proto-languages. M U A The discovery of common proto-languages is the main object of genetic comparative linguistics, which classifies languages into language families. Several models of S genetic relatedness of languages are discussed, as well as th