An Introduction to Linguistics《语言学概论》8.ppt

2. Initials and acronyms （首字母及首字母缩略词） Abbreviations can also be made out of initials to stand for others. Initials differ from acronyms in that initials are read letter by letter, acronyms are pronounced as independent words, e.g. Initials: BBC; VOA; UN; UFO; WTO. Acronyms: UNESCO; NATO; SISU; AIDS. 3. Blending （紧缩词；二合一词）(P. 89) A blending is a combination of parts of 2 words to forma third word which contains some of the meaning of each part, e.g. smog; motel; flurry; plike; brunch; hi-tech; Chinglish; medicare; Eurasia; syntagmatic; etc. 3.3.2.5 Back formation （逆向构词法） （是通过去掉现存的词的后缀而成新词的方法） It refers to the removal of an affix from an existing word to form a new word, e.g. e.g. typewriter typewrite; editor edit; ( Find more examples from the list on P. 90.) In addition, new words can be formed through onomatopoeia (拟声）, neologism（造新词），and borrowing （借用外来词）. 3.3.2.6 Neologism （造新词）(P.90) New words can be created to denote new objects or ideas. This way of formation is also called “new coinage”. ( 随着科技的发展社会的进步，新词因需要而不断出现。) e.g. dacron 涤纶； kodak 柯达； zerox 静电复印机; inter-net; e-mail; modem; laptop; etc. 3.3.2.7 Borrowing （借用外来词）(P.90) As intercultural exchange increases, the formation of new words through borrowing becomes more and more popular. A borrowing refers to a word or phrase which has been taken from one language and used in another language. Generally, there are three types of borrowing. They are 1. loan words; 2. loan blends; 3. translation loans. Borrowings in English are mainly from French, Latin, Greek, Spanish, German, Italian, Dutch, Arab, Japanese, and Chinese. Examples are: kowtow; wonton; kung fu; tofu; taiji; dimsum; Judo; tatami; bokchay; etc. Find more examples from P. 90-91. Another new trend is the formation of words through analogy （类推）and contrast（对比）, e.g. bird’s eye-view, fish’s eye-view, worm’s eye-view; sunrise, moonrise; spaceman, moon-man, etc. 类推是英