文人士大夫論文从士人心理变化看明代书法的发展脉.doc

文人士大夫论文：从士人心理变化看明代书法的发展脉络 【中文摘要】作为汉族建立的最后一个封建王朝,明代统治中国近三百年之久。这个时期中国的封建社会进入晚期阶段,生产关系与生产力之间的矛盾日益明显的显现出来,政治、经济、思想等领域发生一系列的变化,极端专制的统治与资本主义的萌芽以及市民意识,明代的社会诸方面发生了与以往任何一个时代不同的特征。在一种沸沸扬扬的争论中,创造了属于这个时代典型的文人士大夫作为传统社会支撑力量一种社会文化的符号,在推动社会进步的同时,传递和接续着社会的文化。受历史惯性的影响,明代建立之初沿袭了元代的统治思想,社会建筑的上层无不呈现出守旧与复古,审美文化的停滞使得文人士大夫思想受束缚,徘徊、萎缩甚至倒退。中期统治者开始放松统治,文人士大夫思想意识开始觉醒,继初期的低潮之后孕育出审美新风。明朝后期社会动荡、思想复杂、人心取向多元,思想审美丰富多彩,极大的解放了文人士大夫的头脑,出现了历史上最有影响最有价值的审美思潮,明代不同时期的社会变化,使得文人士大夫的心理呈现出不同的阶段性特征,他们的心灵世界发生了深刻变化,文学艺术亦随之改变。针对这种情况,书法也呈现出阶段性的特征,初期沉郁保守,继承元代书风为明代书法的低潮期。中期书法开始活跃,成为明代浪漫主义书风的开创期。明代晚期,典型的浪漫主义书风发展并最终达到高峰。本文通过对明代社会的发展变化及文人士大夫审美心理的分析,肯定了文人士大夫在艺术创作中的主体作用并通过对其审美心理的分析,来讨论研究明代书法风格的发展脉络特征。 【英文摘要】Han established as the last feudal dynasty, the Ming Dynasty ruled China for nearly three centuries. During this period China’s feudal society into the later stages of the relations of production and productivity has become increasingly clear contradiction between the apparent, the political, economic, ideological and other areas of a series of changes, extreme autocratic rule and the seeds of capitalism and public awareness the social aspects of the Ming Dynasty had any previous era with different characteristics. In a simmering debate, typical of this age created the literati as the pillars of traditional society, a social and cultural symbols, in promoting social progress, transfer and continue the culture of society. By the historical inertia of the beginning of the Ming Dynasty followed the Yuan Dynasty to establish the rule of thought, social construction of the upper class are all showing a conservative and retro, aesthetic and cultural stagnation makes the literati thinking tied, hovering, shrinking or even retrogression, interim rulers began to relax rule literati ideology awakening, following the initial aesthetic bred a new low after the wind, late Ming social unrest, ideological complex, people orientation diversity, colorful aesthetic thought, great minds of the liberation of the literati, there has been