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Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, 4101-4123; doi:10.3390/ijm OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Molecular Sciences ISSN 1422-0067 /journal/ijms Article Subminimal Inhibitory Concentrations of the Disinfectant Benzalkonium Chloride Select for a Tolerant Subpopulation of Escherichia coli with Inheritable Characteristics Birgitte Moen 1,2,*, Knut Rudi 1,2,3, Erlend Bore 1,4 and Solveig Langsrud 1 1 Nofima-Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and AquacultureResearch,Osloveien 1, N-1430 Ås, Norway; E-Mails: knut.rudi@umb.no (K.R.); erlend.bore@gilde.no (E.B.); solveig.langsrud@nofima.no (S.L.) 2 Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences,P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway 3 Hedmark University College, Holsetgata 22, 2306 Hamar, Norway 4 Nortura SA, P.O.Box 40, 4064 Stavanger, Norway * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: birgitte.moen@nofima.no; Tel.: +47-64-97-01-00; Fax: +47-64-97-03-33. Received: 1 December 2011; in revised form: 20 January 2012 / Accepted: 19 March 2012 / Published: 28 March 2012 Abstract: Exposure of Escherichia coli to a subminimal inhibitory concentration (25% below MIC) of benzalkonium chloride (BC), an antimicrobial membrane-active agent commonly used in medical and food-processing environments, resulted in cell death and changes in cell morphology (filamentation). A small subpopulation ( 1–5% of the initial