组织行为学07 群体行为的基础.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * Sociometry: An analytical technique for studying group interactions. Sociogram: A diagram that graphically maps the preferred social interactions such as loyalty and affection among group members. Social network: A specific set of linkage among a defined set of individuals. Clusters: Groups that exist within social networks. Prescribed clusters: Formal groups such as departments, work teams, task forces, or committees. Emergent clusters are informal and unofficial groups. Coalitions: Clusters of individuals come together to achieve specific purpose. Cliques: relatively permanent informal groups. Stars: Individuals with most linkage in the network. Liaisons: who connect two or more clusters. Bridges: who servers link pins by belonging to two or more clusters. Isolates: who are not connected to a social network. * * * The authority structures defines the empowerment of the individuals or the groups. A group might have informal leader, but formal designated leader by the management takes final decision The organization create rules, procedures, policies and guidelines for standardization of work as well as employee behavior. The more formal regulations that the organization imposes on all its employees, the more the behavior of work group members will be consistent and predictable. The presence or absence of the resources such as money, time, raw material and equipment allocated to the group by the organization have a substantial bearing on the group’s behavior. The criteria that the organization uses for the selection of its employees will also influences the kinds of people working in the groups. As a part of the organization group members’ behavior will be influenced by how the organization evaluate performance and what behaviors are rewarded. Every organization also has some unwritten culture that defines the acceptable and unacceptable behavior for employees. Whether some rules are rigidly enforced and some are not. The physical w