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无机化学酸碱.ppt

发布:2019-09-27约1.41万字共76页下载文档
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6.3.3 酸度对弱酸(弱碱)型体分布的影响 在酸碱平衡体系中,当溶液pH发生变化的时候,溶液中各种不同形式的酸、碱的平衡浓度也随之发生变化。其分布情况可用分布系数δ来定量说明。同一物质各种不同形式的总浓度称为分析浓度。 分布系数δ与溶液pH的关系曲线称为分布曲线。 Johannes Nicolaus Br?nsted (1879~1947), a Danish physical chemist, is best known for his theory of acids and bases. Br?nsted received degrees in both chemical engineering and chemistry from the University of Copenhagen. He was an authority on the catalytic properties and strengths of acids and bases, and wrote texts on both inorganic and physical chemistry. 解:原来的 pH = 4.75 – lg 0.1/0.1 = 4.75 加酸后: HCl + NaAc = HAc + NaCl 0.01 0.01 pH = 4.75 – lg(0.11/0.09)= 4.66 加碱后: NaOH + HAc = NaAc + H2O 0.01 0.01 pH = 4.75 – lg(0.09/0.11)= 4.84 稀释5倍后 pH = 4.75 – lg(0.02/0.02)= 4.75 例:用NaH2PO4和Na2HPO4制备pH =7.51的缓冲溶液,问NaH2PO4和Na2HPO4的浓度比是多少? 7.51 = 7.21 – lg cr,a/cr,b lg cr,a/cr,b = - 0.3 lg cr,b/cr,a = 0.3 cr,b/cr,a = 2 Na2HPO4浓度是NaH2PO4浓度的2倍。 解:此混合液中,NaH2PO4 是酸,Na2HPO4是碱。因为:NaH2PO4 → Na+ + H2PO4 - H2PO4 - = H+ + HPO42- Na2HPO4 → 2Na+ + HPO42- 应查 H3PO4 的 p =7.21 例:5ml 1mol?L-1 NH3·H2O和15ml0.2mol?L-1NH4Cl混合,计算混合液的pH. Kbθ= 1.76 × 10-5 解:混合后, c(NH3·H2O)= 5×1/20 = 0 .25 (mol?L-1) c(NH4Cl) = 0.2×15/20 = 0.15 (mol?L-1) pOH = p – lg(cr,b/cr,a) = 4.75 – lg(0.25/0.15) =4.53 pH = 14 – 4.53 = 9.47 例:将0.3mol?L-1 HAc 10ml和 0.1mol?L-1 NaOH 10ml 混合,计算溶液的 pH。 解: HAc + NaOH = NaAc + H2O 生成的c(NaAc) =0.1×10/(10+10)=0.05 (mol?L-1) 剩余的c(HAc)=(0.3×10-0.1×10)/20=0.1(mol?L-1) pH = 4.75 – lg( 0.1/0.05) = 4.45 例:等体积的0.2 mol?L-1 NH3.H2O与0.05mol?L-1 HCl混合,计算溶液的pH. 解: NH3.H2O + HCl = NH4Cl + H2O c(NH4Cl)= 0.05/2= 0.025 (mol?L-1) c(NH3.H2O) = (0.2-0.05)/2 = 0.075 (mol?L-1) pOH = 4.75 – lg(0.075/0.025) = 4.27 pH = 14 - 4.27 = 9.73 6.4.3 缓冲容量和缓冲范围 1、缓冲容量:用来衡量缓冲能力的大小。 使一升缓冲溶液pH
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