NegKyoto2004-东方语言学.doc

PAGE  PAGE 14 （原载日本《中国语学》252号，2005年，1-22页） 汉语否定词形态句法类型的方言比较 刘丹青 （中国社会科学院语言研究所） 本文根据形态句法特征对汉语否定词进行一个跨方言比较，主要考察结果有：1. 汉语古今南北普遍具有普通否定与有无否定（存在否定）的词项差异，但北中部两者声母不同，普通否定为[p-/f-] ，有无否定为[m-]，而华南两类同为[m-]或其他鼻辅音。2.语法化使否定词泛化，导致词项减少；词汇化使否定词与相邻的其他词发生熔合，催生新的否定词项。否定词频率高引起语音弱化，为了强调否定义又常形成否定词的词形强化。3. “否定词+谓语”是汉语固定不变的语序。一些有疑问的现象并不违背此语序。4.西北方言的否定词强烈倾向于不管辖域大小直接用在谓语中心上，经常违背汉语普遍遵循的语序-辖域对应律，如“甚不好”??示“不很好”。这可以归因为附缀化引起的核心吸附现象。5. 古汉语的“不”（副词）“否”（叹词）之别（对应于not~no）在普通话中都用“不”，“不”的副词和叹词两解正是历史上“不”重新分析为no义叹词的原因。南方方言中普通否定词常没有否定叹词的功能。就吴语而言，光杆动词、形容词、副词普遍不具备普通话中的独用成句功能，“不”类词的独用限制只是这类现象的表现之一。 Morpho-syntactic Typology of Chinese Negatives: A Cross-dialectal Survey LIU Danqing Institute of Linguistics, China Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing This talk is a cross-dialectal survey of Chinese negatives in terms of morpho-syntactic features. The main observations are as follows. 1. It has been a universal rule in Chinese to have different words for general negation and possession/existence negation respectively. In North (and Middle), the two kinds of negatives are different with [p-/f-] for general negation and [m-] for possessive negation respectively, whereas in South both kinds are in the form of [m-]. 2. Grammaticalization makes negatives more general, hence lessens the size of negative lexicon while lexicalization has negatives fused with other words and brings about new negatives. The high text frequency of negatives weakens their phonetic forms while stress on the negative meaning leads to reinforcement of negative forms. 3. Negative-predicate ordering has been the only order in Chinese over time and across dialects. Some seemingly complicated cases do not violate this order in fact. 4. In Northwestern dialects, the negative strongly tends to be put immediately before the predicative verb/adjective despite its scope, e.g., ‘very not good’ means ‘not very good’, leading to a violation of famous correlation between scope and order in Chinese. This should be an effect of head-attraction of clit