高中英语句法知识汇总.doc

高中英语句法知识汇总 句子成分分析 ＊句子概念：句子是语言运用的基本单位，它由词、词组( 短语)构成，能表达一个完整的意思，如描述一件事，提出一个问题，表示要求或者制止，表示某种感慨，表示对一段话的延续或省略。句子和句子中间有较大停顿。它的结尾应该用上句号、问号、省略号、或感叹号。 短语 句子 a strong man The man is strong. a book on the desk The book is on the desk. The child dressed in school uniform Who is the child dressed in school uniform? beautiful flowers What beautiful flowers！ ＊＊＊ 主干成分：主、谓、宾、表 修饰成分：定、状、补 Ⅰ.主语：一个句子往往用来表达“某人/某个事物怎么样了”，或“某人干什么了”。其中，某人或某事物，是陈述对象，或动作的执行者，叫主语。（即句子叙说的主体） 例如：Tom is the tallest boy in our class. They are playing football. Three million dollars is not enough. To see is to believe. Walking on the moon is very difficult. What he is doing is unknown. ＊＊＊主语一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子充当，置于句首。 Ⅱ.谓语：谓语用来说明主语的动作或状态， 即“做什么”或“怎么样”。 I went to Paris last summer. I have been waiting for you all morning. I hate lies. ＊＊＊谓语由动词或动词短语担任，常位于主语后，具有人称、各种时态及语态变化。 III.宾语:谓语动词的动作的承受者，即动作的对象或内容。 I love you. I study Chinese. He wrote many plays. I taught him a lesson yesterday. Can you show me your photo? ＊＊＊许多及物动词后可以有两个宾语（双宾语）：直接宾语和间接宾语。 直接宾语表示动作的承受者，通常是物；间接宾语表示动作对谁或为谁而做，通常是人。 例如：I taught him(间宾) a lesson(直宾) yesterday. ? 可以接双宾语的动词有：give, show, send, bring, lend, tell, return, write, pay, teach, make, buy, find等。 ? 双宾语通常的语序是：间接宾语在前面，直接宾语在后。如果要强调直接宾语，也可以至于间接宾语之前。这时，间接宾语之前必须加介词to或for（to强调动作对谁而作，for强调动作为谁而做）。 give me a book = give a book to me buy Tom a watch = buy a watch for Tom ＊＊＊ 宾语一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子充当，位于动词之后。 Ⅳ. 表语: 语用来说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份。 Be careful! His job is looking after sheep. He looks very angry. Our teacher stays young. Leaves turn yellow in fall. ＊＊＊ 一般由名词、形容词、或相当于名词、形容词的词、短语或句子充当，位于系动词之后，与系动词一起构成句子的谓语。（穿插系动词相关知识） Ⅴ. 定语: 定语是修饰或限定名词或代词的词，表示被修饰词的所属、性质、数量等。 It’s an interesting story. Do you have time to help us? I like the novels written by Lu Xun. Who is the woman being operated on? ＊＊＊ 定语通常由形容词、代词、名词、名词所有格、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句等充当,(位置可在所修饰的词之前，也可在后)。 Ⅵ.状语: 修饰谓语动词的句子成分叫状语，一般用来说明谓语动作所发生的时间、地点、原因、目的、方式、程度等。 We like English very much. Her uncle lives in Canada. She was lying in