AP_欧洲历史AP_European_History_The_Reformation.pdf

The Reformation (1517–1640) TheProtestantReformation,ledbysuchfiguresasMartinLuther,UlrichZwingli,andJohnCalvin,wasaturn ingpointinthehistoryofWesternEurope.FollowersoftheProtestantReformationwereknownas Protestants becausetheyprotestedabuseswithintheRomanCatholicChurch.Theprotestoftheseabusesledtoarevolution thatdestroyedthereligiousunityofEuropeandestablishedvariousProtestantdenominationsorsects,alarge concentrationofwhichwerelocatedinNorthernEurope.TheRenaissanceofSouthernandNorthernEurope contributedtotheenvironmentthatpromotedareligiousrevolt.Thespiritofindividualityfosteredbythe RenaissanceledtocriticismofcertainChurchpracticesandusages. ProtestantismalsoledtoaseriesofreligiouswarsinWesternEuropeandtothedominanceofreligiousleaders bypoliticalrulers.TheunderlyingtoneoftheReformationwasoneofnationalpride.Kingsquestionedwhether theyhadtofollowtheleadershipofadistantpopewholivedinItaly.InGermany,localrulerssupportedMartin Luther’sattacksontheChurchbecausetheysawitasanopportunitytoincreasetheirpower.Outsideof Germany,theProtestantreformer,JohnCalvin,whowasinfluencedbyUlrichZwingli,hadagreatimpacton the restofEurope.Calvin’sideasspreadfromGeneva,Switzerland,toNorthernEurope,England,andScotland. Theinventionoftheprintingpressafter1450ledtothefurtherspreadoftheProtestantReformation.Since bookscouldnowbereproducedinexpensivelyandinlargequantities,theycouldbeeasilyobtainedthroughout EuropeshortlyafterProtestantauthorssuchasLuthercompletedthem. TheCatholicReformation,orCounterReformation—officiallylaunchedbytheCouncilofTrent—wasanattempt tostopthespreadofProtestantismandtoendthe abuseswithintheChurch.TheChurchreestablished itsauthority andrenewedtheInquisition,asecretorderofChurchofficials,toridtheChurchofheretics,Jews, andMoslems. TheeffortsoftheJesuitsundertheleadershipof IgnatiusLoyolaledtowarfarebetweenCatholicsandProtestants throughoutthefirsthalfoftheseventeenthcenturyandcreatedareligioussplitbetweentheProtestantcountriesof NorthernEuropeandt