common fragile sites genomic hotspots of dna damage and carcinogenesis常见的脆弱的网站基因组dna损伤的热点和致癌作用.pdf

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, 11974-11999; doi:10.3390/ijms130911974 OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Molecular Sciences ISSN 1422-0067 /journal/ijms Review Common Fragile Sites: Genomic Hotspots of DNA Damage and Carcinogenesis Ke Ma 1,2, Li Qiu 1,2, Kristin Mrasek 3, Jun Zhang 1,2, Thomas Liehr 3, Luciana Gonçalves Quintana 3 and Zheng Li 1,2,* 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China; E-Mails: nmgdxmark@126.com (K.M.); nangongningchen@163.com (L.Q.); doctorjunzhang@163.com (J.Z.) 2 Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China 3 Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, D-07743 Jena, Germany; E-Mails: kmra@mti.uni-jena.de (K.M.); thomas.liehr@mti.uni-jena.de (T.L.); luciana.quintana@mti.uni-jena.de (L.G.Q.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: zhengli@; Tel.: +86-22(ext. 6112); Fax: +86-22 Received: 17 July 2012; in revised form: 9 August 2012 / Accepted: 5 September 2012 / Published: 20 September 2012 Abstract: Genomic instability, a hallmark of cancer, occurs preferentially at specific genomic regions known as common fragile sites (CFSs). CFSs are evolutionarily conserved and late replicating regions with AT-rich sequences, an