英语词汇学Chapter_教程.pptx

Chapter6;Contentsoftoday’slecture:;1.Polysemy（一词多义）;One-meaningwordsareveryrare.Theyareoftenscientificterms(e.g.oxygen,moonwalk,earthrise)

;Mostwordsarepolysemous.

“Polysemyisaruleandmonosemy（单义词）istheexception”.

Thecommoneraword,themoremeaningsithas.

;Oneexample:fair;Itisinterestingtonotethatsomepolysemicwordshavedifferentaffectiveandstylisticmeaningsfortheirindividualsenses.

e.g.Proudisappreciativewhenitmeans“havingthequalityofself-respectandshowingthisinone’sstandardsofbehavior,”yetitisemotionallyneutralornegativeinitsothersenses.

Breadisaslangwordwhenitsmeaningis“money”,yetitisstylisticallyneutralinothersenses.;Think:;1)Necessity：anessentialfeatureofalanguage’seconomyandefficiency

2)Possibility:arbitraryassignmentofformandmeaning

3)Result:Mostwordsarepolysemous.

“Polysemyisaruleandmonosemyistheexception”.

Thecommoneraword,themoremeaningsithas.

;

1)Diachronicapproach(历时角度);Diachronically,westudythegrowthorchangeinthesemanticstructureofaword,orhowthesemanticstructureofawordhasdevelopedfromaprimarymeaningtothepresentpolysemicstate.

（一词多义是同一种词旳语义构造历史发展旳成果。）;Thisfirstmeaningistheoriginalmeaning(原始意义).

Theselatermeaningsarecalledderivedmeanings(派生意义).;2)Synchronicapproach

(共时角度);Thebasicmeaningofawordisconsideredtobethecoreofwordmeaning,calledthecentralmeaning.

Thederivedmeanings,nomatterhownumerous,aresecondarymeanings.

;;Relationshipbetween

theprimaryandthecentralmeaning:;Twoprocessesleadingtopolysemy:

1)Radiation(语义辐射);Itisasemanticprocessinwhichtheprimarymeaningstandsatthecenterandthesecondarymeaningsproceedoutofitineverydirectionlikerays.

;Power(in13senses)(page111);7.deity…;

(colloq)largenumberoramount…;

(Math.)third,tenth,etc.powerofanumber;productobtai