有机化学专业词汇.ppt

Thecommonnameofaamineisobtainedbycitingthenamesofthealkylgroupsbondedtothenitrogeninalphabeticalorder.Theentirenameiswrittenasoneword.(alkylamine)e.g.第30页，共56页，星期日，2025年，2月5日TherearetwoIUPACapprovedwaytonameanamine.Itcanbenamedasasubstitutedalkaneusingtheprefix“amino”todesignatetheaminesubstituent.(???aminoalkane)Italsocanbeennamedwithafunctionalgroupsuffix----“amine”.The“e”attheendofthealkanenameisreplacedby“amine”.ThenamesofsubstituentsbondedtothenitrogenareprecededbyanN(initalic)toindicatethatthesubstituentisbondedtoanitrogenratherthantoacarbon.[(N-alkyl)alkanamine]第31页，共56页，星期日，2025年，2月5日第32页，共56页，星期日，2025年，2月5日Amineswithfouralkylgroupsbondedtothenitrogen-andthereforeapositivechargeonthenitrogen-arecalledquaternaryammoniumsalts.Theirnamesareobtainedbycitingthenamesofthealkylgroupsinalphabeticalorderasaprefixto“ammonium”,followedbythenameofthecounterion.[alkylammoniumhalide(orhydroxideetc)]第33页，共56页，星期日，2025年，2月5日Nomenclatureofetherssymmetricaletherandasymmetricalether.e.g.第34页，共56页，星期日，2025年，2月5日Thecommonnameofanetherisobtainedbycitingthenamesofthetwoalkylsubstituents(inalphabeticalorder)followedbytheword“ether”.Thesmallestethersarealmostalwaysnamedbytheircommonnames.(alkylalkylether)TheIUPACsystemnamesanetherasanalkanethatbearsanalkoxysubstituent.Alkoxysubstituentsarenamedbyremovingthe“yl”fromthenameofthealkylsubstituentandadding“oxy”.(alkoxyalkane)methoxyethoxy1-methylethoxy1,1-dimethylpropoxy第35页，共56页，星期日，2025年，2月5日Acarbonylgroup（羰基）isacarbondoublybondedtoanoxygenandanacylgroup（酰基）isacarbonylgroupattachedtoanalkylsubstituent.Abenzoylgroup（苯甲酰基）isacarbonylgroupattachedtoabenzenering.第36页，共