Nonequilibrium dynamics and anomalous fluctuations of Bose 非平衡动力学玻色-异常波动.ppt

Clickers Setup Turn on your clicker (press the power button) Set the frequency: Press and hold the power button Two letters will be flashing If it’s not “AC”, press “A” and then “C” If everything works, you should see “Welcome” and “Ready” Physics and Structure of Nature Mechanics: Isaac Newton (1642–1727) Kinematics and Dynamics Force Velocity Trajectory Fields and Particles Four fundamental forces in Nature Mediators: boson fields = gauge particles Gravitational Graviton ? Electromagnetic Photon Weak W±, Z bosons Strong 8 gluons Fundamental elementary particles (fermions): Three families 6 Quarks 6 Leptons u (up) d (down) e (electron) νe (neutrino) s (strange) c (charm) μ (muon) νμ (neutrino) b (beauty) t (top) τ (tau-lepton) ντ (neutrino) Each quark exists in 3 colors (red, green, blue) Observable particles: barions (qqq) and mesons Proton Neutron Electrodynamics James Clark Maxwell ( 1831 – 1879 ) Interaction of the charged particles via an electromagnetic field is responsible for all phenomena in chemistry, biology, medicine, and ordinary life. Atoms and molecules in solids, liquids, gases, and plasmas Electron Electromagnetic field Nucleus 1fm = 10-15m Physics as Science: Experimental science ≠ Math Physical quantities (exactly defined and measurable) Elementary constituents of matter, interactions, processes Idealizations and models Math equations Range of validity Example: Classical non-relativistic mechanics Physical quantities and units Physical quantity Name of SI unit SI symbol length meter m mass kilogram kg time second?????? s frequency hertz Hz=1/s velocity meter/second m/s force????? newton N=kg·m/s2 energy joule J=N·m power … watt … W=J/s … Name of CGS unit CGS symbol centimeter cm gram g second?????? s hertz Hz=1/s centimeter/second cm/s dyne dyn=g·cm/s2 erg erg=dyn·cm erg/s … g·cm2/s3 … International System (SI) Gauss’ System (CGS)