托福基础阅读讲义(一).ppt

Read Passage 81 Topic 8 archeology (考古学) archaeology考古学 Archaeologist考古学家 paleontology古生物学 paleontologist anthropology人类学 anthropologist Archaeology, archeology, is the science that studies human cultures through the recovery, documentation, analysis, and interpretation of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, features, biofacts, and landscapes. Due to its analysis of human cultures, it is a subset of anthropology. Paleontology (palaeontology) is the study of prehistoric life, including organisms evolution and interactions with each other and their environments (their paleoecology). As a historical science it tries to explain causes rather than conduct experiments to observe effects. Paleontological observations have been documented as far back as the 5th century BC. Paleontology lies on the border between biology and geology, and shares with archeology a border that is difficult to define. It now uses techniques drawn from a wide range of sciences, including biochemistry, mathematics and engineering. Anthropology One traditional approach to simplifying such a vast enterprise has been to divide anthropology into four fields, each with its own further branches: biological or physical anthropology, cultural anthropology, archaeology and anthropological linguistics. 研究古人左右撇子handedness，如何判断 通过岩洞 cave内的壁画picture来研究 根据早期人类使用的工具 tools（石器敲击的痕迹，顺、逆） 牙齿上的划痕 scratch on the tooth 根据早期人的颅骨skull和腕骨carpus判断（头盖骨左右容量和肢体粗细） hominid人（科） tribe部落 clan氏族 excavation挖掘 excavate / unearth挖掘 sinister 左边的 antique古物/古董 morphology形态学 skull颅骨 cranial颅骨的 fossil化石 dexterous 右手的，右边的 Literature Art 文学艺术 Literature fiction小说 essay随笔 prose 散文 legend传说 narrative prose叙述性 descriptive prose描写性 surrealism超现实主义 modernism现代主义 aestheticism唯美主义 realism现实主义 Mark Twain ：American author and humorist. Twain is most noted for his novels Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. During his lifetime, Twain became a fr