公共物品和共有资源(经济学原理曼昆中英文双语).ppt

Public Goods and Common Resources公共物品和共有资源 Chapter 11 “The best things in life are free. . .” Free goods provide a special challenge for economic analysis Most goods in our economy are allocated in markets… “生活中最好的东西就是免费的…” 免费物品向经济分析提出了特殊的挑战。 在我们的经济中，大部分物品是在市场中配置的。 “The best things in life are free. . .” “生活中最好的东西就是免费的…” When goods are available free of charge, the market forces that normally allocate resources in our economy are absent. 当一些物品可以免费得到时，在正常情况下，经济中配置资源的市场力量就不存在了。 “The best things in life are free. . .” “生活中最好的东西就是免费的…” When a good does not have a price attached to it, private markets cannot ensure that the good is produced and consumed in the proper amounts. 当一种物品没有价格时，私人市场就不能保证该物品生产和消费的适当数量。 “The best things in life are free. . .” “生活中最好的东西就是免费的…” In such cases, government policy can potentially remedy the market failure that results, and raise economic well-being. 在上述情况下，政府政策可以潜在地解决市场失灵，并增进经济福利。 The Different Kinds of Goods When thinking about the various goods in the economy, it is useful to group them according to two characteristics: Is the good excludable? Is the good rival? 不同类型的物品 在考虑经济中的各种物品时，根据两个特点来对物品分类是有用的: 物品有排他性吗？ 物品有竞争性吗? The Different Kinds of Goods不同类型的物品 Excludability 排他性 People can be prevented from enjoying the good. 可以阻止一个人使用一种物品时该物品的特性 Laws recognize and enforce private property rights. 法律承认并对私人产权进行保护。 The Different Kinds of Goods不同类型的物品 Rivalness 竞争性 One person’s use of the good diminishes another person’s enjoyment of it. 一个人使用一种物品减少其他人使用时该物品的特性。 Four Types of Goods四种物品 Private Goods 私人物品 Public Goods 公共物品 Common Resources 共有资源 Natural Monopolies 自然垄断 Types of Goods 物品的类型 Private Goods 私人物品 Are both excludable and rival. 既有排他性又有竞争性。 Public Goods 公共物品 Are neither excludable nor rival. 既无排他性又无竞争性。 Types of Goods 物品的类型 Common Resources 共有资源 Are rival but not excludable. 有竞争性但无排他性。 Natural Monopolies 自然垄断 A