Universals and cultural variation in turn-taking in conversation.精品.pdf

Universals and cultural variation in turn-taking in conversation a,1 a a b c d Tanya Stivers , N. J. Enfield , Penelope Brown , Christina Englert , Makoto Hayashi , Trine Heinemann , Gertie Hoymanna a a,e f a , Federico Rossano , Jan Peter de Ruiter , Kyung-Eun Yoon , and Stephen C. Levinson aLanguage and Cognition Group, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6525XD Nijmegen, The Netherlands; bCenter for Language and Cognition, University of Groningen, 9172TS Groningen, The Netherlands; cDepartment of East Asian Languages and Cultures, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801; dSønderborg Participatory Innovation Research Center and The Institute of Business Communication and Information Science, University of Southern Denmark, 6400 Sønderborg, Denmark; eFaculty for Linguistics and Literary Sciences, Bielefeld University, D-33501 Bielefed, Germany; and f Department of African and Asian Languages and Literatures, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 Edited by Paul Kay, International Computer Science Institute, Berkeley, CA, and approved April 28, 2009 (received for review April 2, 2009) Informal verbal interaction is the core matrix for human social life. A home in the evening, the other asks, ‘Your knife, did you say?’’’ mechanism for coordinating this basic mode of interaction is a system (11). Or receiving visitors in the North of Sweden: ‘‘We would of turn-taking that regulates who is to speak and when. Yet relatively offer coffee. After several minutes of silence the offer would be little is known about how this system varies across cultures. The accepted. We would tentativ