针对外部性的公共政策.pdf
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Chapter 10
Externalities
Course Contents
Public Policies Toward Externalities
Private Solutions to Externalities
2
Public Policies Toward Externalities
When externalities are significant and private solutions
are not found, government may attempt to solve the
problem through . . .
‐‐Command‐and‐control policies
‐‐Market‐based policies
3
Public Policies Toward Externalities
• Regulation
– Regulate behavior directly: making certain behaviors
either required or forbidden
– Cannot eradicate pollution
– Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
• Dictates maximum level of pollution
• Requires that firms adopt a particular technology to reduce
emissions
4
Public Policies Toward Externalities
• Market‐based policies
– Provide incentives so that private decision makers
will choose to solve the problem on their own
– Corrective taxes and subsidies
– Tradable pollution permits
5
Public Policies Toward Externalities
• Market‐based policies
– Government uses taxes and subsidies to align
private incentives with social efficiency
• Pigovian taxes are taxes enacted to correct the effects
of a negative externality.
6
Public Policies Toward Externalities
• Tradable pollution permits
– Voluntary transfer of the right to pollute from one
firm to another
– New scarce resource: pollution permits
– Market to trade permits
– Firm’s willingness to pay
• Depend on its cost of reducing pollution
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