微观经济学研究方法.ppt

价格 首先，价格作为指示器反映市场供求状况。 其次，价格的变动会调节供给和需求，使供给和需求达到均衡的状态。 第三:价格引导资源的流向 （二）认可经济学家的分歧 第一，经济学家对经济的运行模式的看法并不一致 。 第二，不同的经济学家对经济发展的目标会有所不同，因而也会在分析经济问题中产生不同的结论。 第三，也是最重要的一点，经济科学的研究和分析离不开经济利益。 总结 为了尽量表达所研究对象的客观性，经济学家利用科学的方法  经济学可分为两个主要领域：微观经济学与宏观 经济学 经济学家依赖实证分析和规范分析 ” * 研究对象不是很客观，包括人类活动，研究结论的验证也是不可能的，只有在方法上的科学性更强一点 * 假设是简化世界的方法 * * 他 * This exercise reinforces the material on the preceding slide. It is especially useful if you plan to cover Chapter 3 (Interdependence and the Gains from Trade) after completing Chapter 2. There are two ways to get the answer. The hard way is to compute the slope of both PPFs. The slope of France’s PPF equals -600/300 = -2, meaning that France must give up two units of wine to get an additional unit of cloth. The slope of England’s PPF = -200/300 = -2/3, meaning that England only must sacrifice 2/3 of a unit of wine to get an additional unit of cloth. Thus, the opportunity cost of cloth is lower in England than France. The question, however, does not ask for the numerical values of the opportunity cost of cloth in the two countries. It only asks which country has a lower opportunity cost of cloth. There is an easy way to determine the answer. Students must remember that the slope of the PPF equals the opportunity cost of the good measured on the horizontal axis. Then, students can simply “eyeball” the two PPFs to determine which is steepest. From the graphs show, it’s pretty easy to see that England’s PPF isn’t as steep, and therefore the opportunity cost of cloth is lower in England than in France. * The PPF shows the tradeoff between the outputs of different goods at a given time, but the tradeoff can change over time. For example, over time, the economy might get more workers (or more factories or more land). Or, a more efficient technology might be invented. Both events – an increase in the economy’s resources or an improvement in technology – cause an expansion in the set of opportunities. That is, both all