土木工程毕业设计外文文献翻译-------钢筋混凝土.doc

外文文献翻译 Reinforced Concrete钢筋混凝土 Concrete and reinforced concrete are used as building materials in every country. In many, including the United States and Canada, reinforced concrete is a dominant structural material in engineered construction. The universal nature of reinforced concrete construction stems from the wide availability of reinforcing bars and the constituents of concrete, gravel, sand, and cement, the relatively simple skills required in concrete construction, and the economy of reinforced concrete compared to other forms of construction. Concrete and reinforced concrete are used in bridges, buildings of all sorts underground structures, water tanks, television towers, offshore oil exploration and production structures, dams, and even in ships. 在每一个国家，混凝土及钢筋混凝土用来作为建筑材料。很多，包括美国和加拿大，钢筋混凝土在工程建设是主要的结构材料。钢筋混凝土建筑普遍性源于钢筋广泛供应和混凝土的，砾石，沙子，水泥等，混凝土施工所需的技能相对简单，其他形式的建设钢筋混凝土混凝土及钢筋混凝土用桥梁各种地下水电视塔海石油勘探，甚至。 Reinforced concrete structures may be cast-in-place concrete, constructed in their final location, or they may be precast concrete produced in a factory and erected at the construction site. Concrete structures may be severe and functional in design, or the shape and layout and be whimsical and artistic. Few other building materials off the architect and engineer such versatility and scope. 钢筋混凝土结构可能是现浇混凝土，在其最后位置建造，或者他们可能是在一家工厂生产混凝土预制件施工现场。混凝土结构设计可能是的和功能的，或形状和布局和艺术。其他几建材。Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. As a result, cracks develop whenever loads, or restrained shrinkage of temperature changes, give rise to tensile stresses in excess of the tensile strength of the concrete. In a plain concrete beam, the moments about the neutral axis due to applied loads are resisted by an internal tension-compression couple involving tension in the concrete. Such a beam fails very suddenly and completely when the first crack forms. In a reinforced concrete beam, steel bars are embedded in the concrete in such a way that the tension forces needed for moment equili