土木工程专业毕业设计外文文献翻译2篇.doc

XXXXXXXXX学院 学士学位毕业设计（论文）英语翻译 课 题 名 称 英语翻译 学 号 学 生 专 业、年级 所 在 院 系 指 导 教 师 选 题 时 间 Fundamental Assumptions for Reinforced Concrete Behavior The chief task of the structural engineer is the design of structures. Design is the determination of the general shape and all specific dimensions of a particular structure so that it will perform the function for which it is created and will safely withstand the influences that will act on it throughout useful life. These influences are primarily the loads and other forces to which it will be subjected, as well as other detrimental agents, such as temperature fluctuations, foundation settlements, and corrosive influences, Structural mechanics is one of the main tools in this process of design. As here understood, it is the body of scientific knowledge that permits one to predict with a good degree of certainly how a structure of give shape and dimensions will behave when acted upon by known forces or other mechanical influences. The chief items of behavior that are of practical interest are (1) the strength of the structure, i. e. , that magnitude of loads of a give distribution which will cause the structure to fail, and (2) the deformations, such as deflections and extent of cracking, that the structure will undergo when loaded under service condition. The fundamental propositions on which the mechanics of reinforced concrete is based are as follows: The internal forces, such as bending moments, shear forces, and normal and shear stresses, at any section of a member are in equilibrium with the effect of the external loads at that section. This proposition is not an assumption but a fact, because any body or any portion thereof can be at rest only if all forces acting on it are in equilibrium. The str