高级英语写作 2).ppt

Advanced Writing（1） Writing Essays By Julie Wang What does an essay mean? An essay is a short piece of writing that discusses, describes or analyzes one topic. It can range in length from one paragraph to more than twenty. It can be about anything, and be written in almost any style. It can be serious or funny, straight-forward or symbolic. It can describe personal opinions, or just report information. Planning (Invention): Thought Starters (Asking the Right Questions) As a writer, you can begin by asking yourself questions and then answering them. Your answers will bring your subject into focus and provide you with the material to develop your topic. Here are twenty questions or thought starters that present ways of observing or thinking about your topic. Each question generates the type of essay listed in parentheses after the question. 1. What does it mean? (Definition) 2. What are the various features of it? (Description) 3. What are the component parts of it? (Simple Analysis) 4. How is it made or done? (Process Analysis) 5. How should it be made or done? (Directional Analysis) 6. What is the essential function of it? (Functional Analysis) 7. What are the causes of it? (Causal Analysis) 8. What are the consequences of it? (Causal Analysis) 9. What are the types of it? (Classification) 10. How is A like or unlike B? (Comparison) 11. What is the present status of it? (Comparison) 12. What is the significance of it? (Interpretation) 13. What are the facts about it? (Reportage) 14. How did it happen? (Narration) 15. What kind of person is it? (Characterization/Profile) 16. What is my personal response to it? (Reflection) 17. What is my memory of it? (Reminiscence) 18. What is the value of it? (Evaluation) 19. What are the essential major points or features of it? (Summary) 20. What case can be made for or against it? (Persuasion) Cubing (considering a subject from six points of view) 1. Describe it (colors, shapes, sizes, etc.) 2. Compare it (What is it similar to